现在完成时

　　1.构成

　　现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词have(has)表明事情发生于现在。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词在句子中做谓语，说明句子的含义。

　　2.用法

　　（1）动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在有某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：

　　-Have you had lunch yet?     -Yes,I have. I've just had it.

　　你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）

　　（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。

　　如：He has taught here since 1981

　　他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）

　　I have't seen her for four years.

　　我有四年没见到她了。

　　（3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。

　　如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。

　　3.现在完成时的时间状语

　　（1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。

　　a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。

　　They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。

　　b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。  如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？

　　-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。

　　c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。

　　例如：I have seen her before,but I can not remember where.  我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。

　　He has been there three times the last few days.  近几年他去过那里三次了。

　　d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等。例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't.  今天你见过他吗？我 没有。  How many times have you been there this year?  今年你去过那里多少次？

　　（2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven't seen him for two years.  但是，像come,arrive,buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be（在）”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：

　　arrive→be here                    begin(start)→be on

　　die    →be dead                    come back→be back

　　leave →be away                    fall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep)

　　get up→be up                       go out     →be out

　　finish →be over                     put on    →wear 或be on

　　open  →be open                    join       →be in或 be a member of…

　　close  →be closed                  go to school→be a student

　　borrow  →keep                      buy    →have

　　catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)   get to know →know

　　begin to study→study             come to work→work等

　　如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。

　　His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。

　　The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。

　　We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。

　　4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别

　　现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。试比较：

　　I have lost my new book.  我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到）

　　I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）

　　5.几点注意事项

　　（1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。 He has gone to Beijing .  他去北京了。

　　（2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。

　　如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。

　　（3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。

　　如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。

　　一、            单项选择

　　1. Li Hong has ________ the army for 2 years.

　　A. joined B. be in C. been in D. joined in

　　2. We have been friends since ______.

　　A. children B. five years C. five years ago D. five years before

　　3. Mike ___________ the story for a month.

　　A. has bought B. has had C. had had D. has borrowed

　　4. You ______ that question three times.

　　A. already asked B. have already asked

　　C. already have asked D. asked already

　　5. Those foreign friends left Guangzhou __________.

　　A. since last week B. a week ago C. for a week D. since a week ago

　　6. I _____ at this school for two years.

　　A. am studying B. study C. studied D. have studied

　　7. They _________ in the city since last summer.

　　A. live B. didn’t live C. have lived D. live

　　8. Mrs. Wang has lived in Haikou _________ 1992.

　　A. since B. from C. after D. in

　　9. Mr. Black _________ China since the summer of 1998.

　　A. has been to B. has been in C. has come to D. came to

　　10. His father _______ for years.

　　A. has died B. has been dead C. died D. dies

　　11. Mary ________ to see the films because she __________ it twice.

　　A. won’t go, saw B. won’t go, will see

　　C. won’t go, has seen D. didn’t go, sees

　　12.---- Would you like some more food?

　　----Thank you. I _______ enough.

　　A. will have B. have had C. have D. had

　　13. ______ you ______ England? Yes, it _____ a beautiful country.

　　A. Will, gone to, was B.Have, been to, is

　　C. Had, been to, is D.Have, gone to, is

　　14. ----_______ you _______ to Beijing?

　　----No, I ______.I ______ there early next month.

　　A. Have, been, haven’t, am going B. Had, been, hadn’t, am going

　　C. Have, gone, haven’t, was going D. Did,go, didn’t, was going

　　15. ---You sister ______ to London to study English. Is that true?

　　---Yes , she ___ there for two months.

　　A. has been, has been B. will go, has gone

　　C. gone, will be D. has gone, has been

　　16. He has a computer of his own. He ____ it two days ago

　　A. bought B. bought C. bought D. has bought

　　17. —Where is Li Lei? —He ___ Shanghai.

　　A. has gone to B. has been to C. went to D. goes to

　　18. He _______ his homework and is now listening to music.

　　A.. finishes B. has finished C. finish D. is finishing

　　19. David _______ Shanghai for more than three months.

　　A. came to B. has been to C. has been in D. has come to

　　20. --- Is your father a Party member?

　　--- Yes, he ____ the party three years ago. He _____ a Party member for three years.

　　A. joined; has been B. has joined; has been

　　C. was joined; is D. joined; was

　　21. ---What a nice bike! How lone ____ you ____ it? ----Just five weeks.

　　A. will; buy B. did; buy C. are; having D. have; had

　　22. I ______ this book for a week .I have to return it now.

　　A. borrowed B. have borrowed C. kept D. have kept

　　23. ----______ your sister _______ in Green China for a long time?

　　----Yes. She joined it five years ago.

　　A. Has; been B. Have; been C. Has; joined D. Have; joined

　　24. ---How long have you _______ from the USA? ----For three months.

　　A. come back B. returned C. go back D. been back

　　25. I _____ this book for half a year.

　　A. have bought B. have had C. bought D. had

　　26. The students are sorry to hear that famous singer _______ for a year.

　　A. has left B. has gone C. has been away D. has gone away

　　27. --- ______ you______ your homework yet? ---Yes, I _____ it just now.

　　A. Did; do; finished B. Have; done; finished

　　C. Have; done; have finished D. Will; do; finish

　　28. The sand storm weather ______ in Beijing several times this year.

　　A. happen B. happened C. has happened D. have happened

　　29. ---How long have you been here? --- ____ last month.

　　A. For B. Until C. Before D. Since

　　30. He ____ a cold for three days.

　　A. has caught B. has had C. has got D. caught

　　31. Jim Green ____ in China for two years.

　　A. has come B. has been C. has arrived D. came

　　32. The film ____ for half an hour.

　　A. has been on B. has begun C. hasn’t begun D. began

　　33.—Where have you _______ these days？

　　—I have to Beijing with my friends．

　　A. been；gone B. been；been C. gone；been D. gone；gone

　　34．How long have you _______ this book？

　　A. bought B．borrowed C．had D．lent

　　35. We have lived here _______ five years ago．

　　A. when B．since C．before D．after

　　36．—I have watched the game． —When _____you _______ it？

　　A．have；watched B．do；watch C．did；watch D．will；watch

　　37．—How do you like Beijing, Mr. Black？

　　—Oh，I _______ such a beautiful city．

　　A．don't visit B．didn't visit C．haven't visited D．hadn't visited

　　38．Miss Brown _______ to the Great Wall twice．

　　A．have been B．has been C．have gone D．has gone

　　39.His brother has been to Stone Forest twice ______ he came to Yunnan．

　　A．after B．before C．since D．for

　　40．His grandpa _______ for two years．

　　A．was died B．has been dead C．was dead D．has died

　　41．—Have you ever_______ to Haikou？

　　—Yes，I_______ there with my family last August．

　　A．gone；went B．been；went C．been；went to D．been；was in

　　42. His sister ______ her hometown for three years. She'll return next year．

　　A．left B．has left C．has been away D．has been away from

　　以适当形式填空

　　1. I_______ already _______ (see) the film. I _________ (see) it last week.

　　2. ----- _______ he ________(finish) his work today ? ------Not yet .

　　3. -----_____you _______(be) to Hong Kong ?

　　----Yes, I ________________ (be) there twice .

　　4. -----_______ you ever ________(eat ) chocolate sundaes ? ----No, never.

　　5. My father ____ just ________ (come) back from work. He is tired now.

　　6. Where’s Li Ming ? He ____________ (go) to the teacher’s office.

　　7. Shanghai _______ (be) a small town hundreds of years ago. Now it ____ (become) a large city.

　　8. I _____________ (work) here since I __________ (move) here in 1999.

　　9. So far I ______________(make) quite a few friends here.

　　10. ---How long ______ the Smiths ________(stay)here? ---- For two weeks.

　　11. --- I ___________ (see) the film “Chicken Run”.

　　--- Where and when ________ you _______ (see) it?

　　--- Last week.

　　12. Mary _____ already _______ (have) her supper.

　　13. I ____________ (not want) to see the film. I ___________ (see) it with my parents. We _________ (see) it last Sunday.

　　14. ---______ Uncle Wang ______ (mend) the TV yet?

　　---Yes, he______.

　　---When _____ he _____ it?

　　--- Yesterday.

　　15. ______ you _______ (read) today’s newspaper yet?

　　16. They _____already_____(do) their homework. But they don’t

　　know what_____ (do) next.

　　17. ---____ you _____ (see) the film last night?

　　---No, I ___________ (see) it for several times.

　　18. She ____________ (be) ill for three days.

　　19. My father ___________ ( buy) a book for me yesterday. He____ already _________(pay) fifty yuan for it.

　　20. She____________ (not read) this book before.

　　21. ____ you ever __________ (travel) on a train before?

　　22. --- ____ Wei Hua _____ (come) yet?

　　---Yes. She_______ (come) already. She ______ (come) just now.

　　23. ---How long _____you __________(learn) English?

　　---For more than two years.

　　24. They _______________ (live) in China since they _____ (move) to China.

　　句型转换(每空一词)。

　　1. I have been to Macau before.(改为否定句)

　　I ______ ________ been to Macau before.

　　2. He hasn’t come to school because he’s ill (就划线部分提问)

　　________ ________ he come to school?

　　3. He has learned English for 5 years. (就划线部分提问)

　　________ ________ ________ _________ learned English ?

　　4. I bought a new bike just now. (用just改写)

　　I _______ just ________a new bike.

　　5. We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句)

　　We _______ _______ English ________ three years

　　6. He has lived here since 1999.(就划线部分提问)

　　_____ _____ _____ he_______ here?

　　7. They have already finished the work.（否定）

　　They ______ ______ the work ______.

　　8. My father got there two days ago.（同义句）

　　My father ______ ______ ______ for two days.

　　9. Mr. Li began to teach English in this school in 1999.（同义句）

　　Mr. Li _______ _________ English in this school since 1999.

　　10. The factory opened ten years ago.（同义句）

　　The factory _______ ________ ______ for ten years.

　　11.They have cleaned the room twice this week. (就划线部分提问)

　　_____ _____ ____ ______ they ______ the classroom this week?

　　12. My father went to England in 2003 and 2005. （同义句）

　　My father _____ ______ _____ England _____.

　　13. John left Beijing three years ago. （同义句）

　　John_______ ______ ______ Beijing_____ three years.

　　14. His company closed in 2003. （同义句）

　　His company _____ _____ _____ _____ 2003.

　　15. My father bought the car half a year ago. （同义句）

　　My father ______ ______ the car _______ half a year.

　　16. We got to know each other for about 15 years. （同义句）

　　We _______ ________ each other _____ about 15 years.

　　17. The film began ten minutes ago. （同义句）

　　The film _________ ________ _________ for ten minutes.

　　18. I borrowed this book two weeks ago. （同义句）

　　I _________ ________ this book for two weeks.

　　一、单项选择。

　　1、Both  his  parents  look  sad . Maybe  they  _________what's  happened  to  him .（呼和浩特）

　　Ａ.  knew     Ｂ.  have known    Ｃ.  must know     Ｄ.will know

　　2、He  has  _______ been  to  Shanghai , has  he ?

　　Ａ.  already           Ｂ.never            Ｃ.ever               Ｄ. still

　　3、Have  you  met  Mr  Li ______？

　　Ａ.  just          Ｂ.  ago        Ｃ.before       Ｄ.  a moment ago

　　4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .

　　Ａ. is  writing    Ｂ.was  writing        Ｃ.wrote       Ｄ.has  written

　　5、—Our country  ______ a lot so far .

　　—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .

　　Ａ. has  changed ; well                   Ｂ.  changed ; good

　　Ｃ. has  changed ; better                  Ｄ.  changed ; better

　　6、Zhao Lan ______already  ______in this school for two years .

　　Ａ. was ; studying                   Ｂ. will ; study

　　Ｃ. has ; studied                     Ｄ. are ; studying

　　7、We ______ Xiao  Li  since  she  was  a  little  girl .

　　Ａ. know      Ｂ.  had  known      Ｃ. have  known      Ｄ.  knew

　　8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .

　　Ａ.  will  see     Ｂ.  have  seen        Ｃ.  saw            Ｄ.see

　　9、—These  farmers  have  been  to  the  United  States .

　　—Really ? When _____  there ?

　　Ａ. will  they  go                       Ｂ.  did  they  go

　　Ｃ.  do  they  go                       Ｄ.  have  they  gone

　　10、—______ you ___ your  homework  yet ?

　　—Yes . I _____  it  a  moment  ago .

　　Ａ.  Did ; do ; finished                   Ｂ.  Have ; done ; finished

　　Ｃ.  Have ; done ; have  finished          Ｄ.  will ; do ; finish

　　11、 His  father  ______ the  Party  since  1978 .

　　Ａ.  joined    Ｂ.  has joined     Ｃ.  was in     Ｄ.  has  been  in

　　12、—Do you know him well ?

　　—  Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .

　　Ａ.  were    Ｂ. have been       Ｃ. have become       Ｄ. have made

　　13、—How long have you  ____ here ?

　　—About two months .

　　Ａ.  been     Ｂ.  gone           Ｃ.  come          Ｄ.  arrived

　　14、Hurry  up! The  play __________ for  ten  minutes .

　　Ａ.  has  begun                        Ｂ.  had  begun

　　Ｃ.  has  been  on                     Ｄ.  began

　　15、 It  _____ ten  years  since  he  left  the  army .

　　Ａ.  is          Ｂ.  has            Ｃ.  will           Ｄ.  was

　　16、 Miss  Green  isn't  in  the  office . she_______  to  the  library .

　　Ａ.has  gone     Ｂ. went        Ｃ.will  go          Ｄ.  has  been

　　17、My  parents ______  Shandong  for  ten  years .

　　Ａ.  have  been  in                      Ｂ. have  been  to

　　Ｃ.  have  gone  to                      Ｄ. have  been

　　18、The students have cleaned the classroom,      ?

　　A. so they      B. don’t they     C. have they     D. haven’t they

　　19、        has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he        to China?

　　A. How soon, comes                       B. How often, got

　　C. How long, came                        D. How far, arrived

　　20、 His uncle        for more than 9 years.

　　A. has come here                         B. has started to work

　　C. has lived there                       D. has left the university

　　二、句型转换。

　　1、He has never surfed,                 ?（改成反意疑问句）

　　2、They have been here since 2000.  (对划线部分提问)

　　have they been here?

　　3、The old man _________ last year. He                   for a year. (die) （动词填空）

　　4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)

　　This factory               ________ for twenty years.

　　5、Miss Gao left an hour ago.  (同义句转换)

　　Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.

　　6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）

　　Her  mother _______ the  Party  three  years  ________ .

　　7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)

　　_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.

　　8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)

　　___________________________________________

　　汉译英。

　　1、吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。

　　2、他昨天收到一封信。

　　3、我父亲以前到过长城。

　　4、她还没有看过那部新电影。

　　5、她去过上海。

　　6、他这些天上哪儿去了？

　　参考答案：

　　一、单项选择。

　　1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是Ｂ。

　　2、现在完成时常与already（已经），just（刚刚，正好），ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等连用。故2应选B。

　　3、C

　　4、现在完成时常与recently（近来），so  far（到目前为止），in  the  past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故4应选D。

　　5、C

　　6、现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。故6应选C。

　　7、C

　　8、现在完成时还与once（一次），twice（两次），three  times（三次），several  times（几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。故8应选B。

　　9、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last  week , a  moment  ago等）连用。故9的正确答案为B。

　　10、B

　　11、现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。故11的正确答案依次为：D。

　　12、B    13、A     14、C     15、A。

　　16、“have/has  gone  to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地（还未回来）”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/has  been  in + 地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has  been  to  +地点”表示“曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。”故16的正确答案为A。

　　17、A    18、D     19、C     20、C

　　二、句型转换。

　　1、has he?             2、How long            3、died, has been dead

　　4、has been open       5、has been away       6、joined；ago

　　7、It is, since        8、The bus has been here for ten minutes.

　　三、汉译英。

　　1、Jim has finished doing his homework already. He is free now.

　　2、He received a letter yesterday.

　　3、My father has been to the Great Wall before.

　　4、She hasn't seen the new film yet.

　　5、She has been to Shanghai.

　　6、Where has he been these days？