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小学英语语法:形容词

网络资源 2018-07-05 18:21:01

  1. 形容词的位置:

  代名形容词+数量形容词+性状形容词+名词

  再细分如下:

  1放在冠词前的形容词(all, both, such...)+2冠词、指示形容词、所有形容词、不定形容词(the, a, an, this, that, your, some, any...)+3序数(first, second...)+4基数(one, two...)+5性质、状态(kind, fine, good...)+6大小、长短、形状(large, small, big...)+7新旧、温度(old, new, hot...)+8颜色(red, blue...)+9国籍(Chinese, English, Japanese...)+10材料(iron, brick, stone...)+11名词、动名词(boy, house...)

  2. some和any的用法:

  (1)两者修饰可数单数名词,表某一个;任何一个; 修饰可数复数名词和不可数名词,表一些;有些。

  〔2)一般的用法:some用于肯定句;any用于疑问句,否定句或条件句。

  I am looking for some matches.

  Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.

  〔3)特殊的用法:

  (A) 在期望对方肯定的回答时,问句也用some。

  Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.)

  (B) any表任何或任何一个时,也可用于肯定句。

  Come any day you like.

  (4)some和any后没有名词时,当做代名词, 此外两者也可做副词。

  Some of them are my students.〔代名词)

  Is your mother any better?(副词)

  3. many和much的用法:

  〔1)many修饰复数可数名词,表许多; much修饰不可数名词,表量或程度。

  He has many friends, but few true ones.

  There hasn‘t been much good weather recently.

  (2)many a:

  many a和many同义,但语气比较强,并且要与单数名词及单数形动词连用。

  Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)

  〔3〕as many和so many均等于the same number of。 前有as, like时, 只用so many。

  These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.

  They worked like so many ants.

  (4)as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情。

  He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量)

  I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情)

  (5)many和much之后不接名词时,作为代名词;另外much也可用副词。

  Many of them were very tired.

  I don’t eat much for lunch. 〔代名词)

  He is much taller than I. (副词〕

  4. (a) few和(a) little的用法:

  (1) (a) few用在复数可数名词之前,(a) little用在不可数名词之前。

  He took a few biscuits. (=several)

  He took few biscuits(=not many)

  He took a little butter. (=some)

  He took little butter. (=not much)

  (2) few可由bardly any或almost no所取代,含否定的意味。

  The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.

  Few (=Almost no) men can solve it.

  (3) a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味。

  He has a few (=some or several) friends.

  (4) a little和little之间的差别,就和a few和few的差别一样,只是(a) little须修饰不可数名词,表量或程度。

  He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.

  He is not much better, but there is a little hope.

  5. 其他的数量形容词:

  (1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表许多,修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。

  The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.(复数名词)

  The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.(不可数名词)

  (2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表(量), 修饰不可数名词。

  The room contained a great deal of furniture. (不可数名词)

  The room contained a good deal of furniture. (不可数名词)

  The room contained a large quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)

  The room contained a large amount of furniture. (不可数名词)

  The room contained a small quantity of furniture. (不可数名词)

  The room contained a small amount of furniture. (不可数名词)

  (3) a number of “许多;一些”;a great (large, good) number of “许多”,修饰复数可数名词,并且要与复数动词连用。

  A number of books are missing from the library.

  The number of books from the library is large.

  (the number of +复数名词←→单数动词)

  The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.(复数可数名词)

  (4) enough的用法:

  (A) 可接复数可数名词和不可数名词。

  There are enough chairs. (可数)

  There is enough furniture. (不可数)

  (B) 可放在年修饰名词的前后。

  We don‘t have enough time. =We don’t have time enough.

  (5) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of +复数可数名词

  冠词或数词(one, two...) + (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) 复数可数名词

  (6) the rest of “其余的”, 可接复数可数名词及不可数名词,作主词时,接可数名词则用复数动词,接不可数名词则用单数动词。

  The rest of the students are absent. (复数可数名词)

  The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可数名词)

  注:the rest作代名词, 等于 the others, 和复数动词连用。

  6. 不可名词量的表示语:

  (1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语,表示数的观念。其公式为:

  数词+单位词+of+不可数名词

  (2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。

  (A) 物质名词:

  a piece (suit) of armour;

  a piece (slice) of cake;

  a piece (an article) of furniture;

  a piece of jewelry;

  a piece (sheet) of paper;

  a cake of soap;

  a piece (slice) of bacon;

  a piece (stick) of chalk;

  a bit (blade) of grass;

  a piece (strip) of land;

  a bit (grain) of rice;

  a bowl of soup;

  (B) 抽象名词

  a word of abuse;

  an item (a bit) of business;

  an attack of fever;

  a bit (an amount) of interest;

  a fit of passion;

  a piece (word) of advice;

  a piece of evidence;

  a piece (an item) of information;

  a piece (an item) of news;

  (C) 自然现象:

  a flash of lightening;

  a bolt of thunder;

  7. 名词种类的表示语:kind of, sort of, type of,

  (1) 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词,其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。

  What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?

  I don‘t like that sort of game.

  (2) kind of, sort of, type of之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.

  I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.

  (3) 比较下列用法:(加*表非正式用法)

  I don’t like this (*those) kind of person.

  I don‘t like many (or these) kinds of roses.

  I like this kind of flower.

  I like flowers of this kind.

  I like *these kind of flowers.

  I like this kind of roses.

  I like roses of this kind. (置名词后更强调种类)

  I like roses of these kinds.(置名词后更强调种类)

  8. 数词:

  (1) 基数(Cardinal numerals):one, two, three...

  (A) 除one接单数名词外,其余均接复数名词。

  He has one sister and three brothers.

  (B) hundred的后面须加and(但可以省略)。

  12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) forty five;

  (2) 序数(Ordinal mumerals):first, second, third...

  (A) 序数前面必须附以定冠词。而a second, a third等,则是another的意思。

  (B) 日期多用序数。

  It’s on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th).

  (C) 序数的简体。

  9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;

  (3) 分数:

  (A) 分数的表示法:第一,分子用基数,分母用序数。第二,分子大于2时,分母须加“s”以形成复数。

  1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter;

  (B) 分数可接与不可数名词;所接的名词是单数,则与单数动词连用,是复数则与复数动词连用。

  A third of the peach was bad.

  A third of the bananas were bad.

  (4) 倍数词:常用的有half, double, treble(三倍)等。

  (A) half a, a half, half the +名词,表(一半的)。

  He ran a half mile in half an hour.

  He ran half a mile in half an hour.

  I have read half the book.

  (B) half还可作名词,代名词及副词。

  Two halves make a whole. (名词)

  This is half as much again as that. (副词)

  (C) 倍数常用的表达法:

  (half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times...) +定冠词或所有形容词+名词或所有代名词

  I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare.

  That window is three times the size of this.

  9. “数词+名词”结合而成的形容词:

  (1) 数词+名词=形容词

  a five-dollar bill;

  two three-hour periods;

  the Three-power Conference(三强会议);

  (2) 数词+名词+形容词=形容词

  a six-year-old boy;

  a three-hundred-year-old tree;

  注:上述的复合字是以hyphen(-)连结,而且其中的名词要用单数形式。

  (3) 名词(无冠词)+基数=the +序数+名词

  World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War;

  Vol. Ⅰ= Volume One or the First Volume;

  Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;

  Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;

  Chap. Ⅲ = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;

  Charles Ⅰ= Charles the First;

  cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;

  这几种用法,非专有名词,可不用大写,但等号两边须一致。〕

  (4) “数词+复数名词”作主词,虽为复数形,但强调单一性,则用单数动词。若强调一个一个的个别数,则用复数动词。

  Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good sermon.

  Fifty dollars a month is a large sum in our eyes, but is nothing to him.

  cf. Ten years have passed since I saw you last.

  10. 各种数字的读法:

  (1) 年号的读法:

  1979←→nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;

  (2) 电话号码;货币的读法:

  1023←→one o two three; 1227←→one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25←→four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);

  (3) 小数点的读法:

  13.91←→thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three;

  (4) 算术式的读法:

  2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five.

  5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two.

  3×2=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six.

  9÷3=3 Nine divided by three makes three.

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